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In chess, the player who moves first is referred to as "White" and the player who moves second is referred to as "Black". Similarly, the pieces that each conducts are called, respectively, "the white pieces" and "the black pieces". The pieces are often not literally white and black, but some other colors (usually a light color and a dark color, respectively). The 64 squares of the chessboard, which is colored in a checkered pattern, are likewise referred to as "white squares" or "light squares" on the one hand, and "black squares" or "dark squares" on the other. In most cases, the squares are not actually white and black, but a light color and a contrasting dark color. For example, the squares on plastic boards are often off-white ("buff") and green, while those on wood boards are often light brown and dark brown. In old chess writings, the sides are often called Red and Black, because those were the two colors of ink then commonly available when hand-drawing or printing chess position diagrams. ==History== As Howard Staunton observed, "In the earlier ages of chess, the board was simply divided into sixty-four squares, without any difference of colour".〔Howard Staunton, ''The Chess-Player's Handbook'', Henry C. Bohn, 1847, p. 1.〕 The checkering of the squares was a European innovation, introduced in the thirteenth century.〔Henry A. Davidson, ''A Short History of Chess'', David McKay, 1981, p. 144. ISBN 0-679-14550-8.〕 The convention of White having the first move is much more recent than that. François-André Danican Philidor in the original (1749) edition of his famous treatise ''Analyse du jeu des Échecs'' cited one game in which Black moved first.〔François-André Danican Philidor, ''Analysis of the Game of Chess'' (1749 and 1777, reprinted 2005), Hardinge Simpole, p. 32. ISBN 1-84382-161-3.〕 Johann Horny, in a book published in Germany in 1824, wrote that Black moves first.〔Andy Soltis, ''Chess to Enjoy'', Stein and Day, 1978, p. 86. ISBN 0-8128-6059-4.〕 Phillip Sergeant wrote in his book ''A History of British Chess'' of the great Alexander McDonnell (1798–1835), remembered today for his series of matches with Labourdonnais:〔Phillip W. Sergeant, ''A History of British Chess'', David McKay, 1934, pp. 39–40.〕 He preferred to have Black, as first player as well as second ... this was a common fad in his day, which persisted with a great number of players, as a study of the ''Chess Players' Chronicle'' and other magazines shows.In the Immortal Game (Anderssen-Kieseritzky, offhand game, London 1851), one of the most famous games in history, Anderssen had the Black pieces but moved first.〔(Kling and Horwitz: ''The Chess Player'', July 1851 )〕 He also took the Black pieces but moved first in the sixth, eighth, and tenth games of his famous 1858 match against Paul Morphy. Each of those games began 1.a3 e5 2.c4, when Anderssen was effectively playing the Sicilian Defense with an extra tempo.〔Howard Staunton, ''Chess Praxis. A Supplement to The Chess Player's Handbook'', London, Bell & Daldy, 1871, pp. 492, 495, 497.〕 As late as the mid-to-late 19th century, the practice of White moving first had not yet become standard. George Walker in his popular treatise ''The Art of Chess-Play: A New Treatise on the Game of Chess'' (4th edition 1846), set forth the rules of London's St. George's Chess Club promulgated in June, 1841.〔George Walker, ''The Art of Chess-Play: A New Treatise on the Game of Chess'' (4th ed. 1846), Sherwood, Gilbert, & Piper, p. 16.〕 "Law III" provided that the player who moved first had the choice of color; if the players played more games at the same sitting, the first move would alternate, but each player would continue to use the same colored pieces as he had in the first game.〔Walker, p. 18.〕 Staunton observed in 1871 that "many players still cultivate the foolish habit of playing exclusively with one colour."〔Howard Staunton, ''Chess Praxis. A Supplement to The Chess Player's Handbook'', London, Bell & Daldy, 1871, p. 26.〕 On October 19, 1857, Mr. Perrin, the Secretary of the New York Chess Club, informed those assembled at the First American Chess Congress that he had received a letter from Johann Löwenthal, a leading English master, "suggesting the advisableness of always giving the first move in public games, to the player of the white pieces."〔David Lawson, ''Paul Morphy: The Pride and Sorrow of Chess'', p. 65, David McKay, 1976. ISBN 0-679-13044-6.〕 Löwenthal also wrote that London's chess clubs had adopted a new rule that White always moves first.〔Edward Winter, (Chess Note 5454 ), citing Martin Frère Hillyer, ''Thomas Frère and the Brotherhood of Chess'', Jefferson, 2007, p. 38. Retrieved on 2013-08-26.〕 The club evidently did not follow Löwenthal's advice, since in its match the following year against its Philadelphia counterpart, Philadelphia played White in both games, but moved first only in the second game.〔Neil Brennen, "New York vs. Philadelphia: The 1858 Telegraph Match," ''Chess Life'', June 2008, p. 38.〕 Chess historian Robert John McCrary writes that the earliest rule he has found requiring that White move first is Rule 9 given on page 126 of the New York, 1880 tournament book, which specified, "In each round the players shall have the first move alternately; in the first game it shall be determined by lot. The one having the move, in every case, is to play with the white pieces." McCrary observes:〔Edward Winter, (Chess Note 5447 ). Retrieved on 2013-08-26.〕 Prior to that, it had gradually become conventional, over a number of years, to have White move first in published analysis, and by about 1862 to have White move first in all published games. But it was evident that players could in many cases choose Black when they had the first move, even if the published game-score indicated that White had moved first. Three years after the example cited by McCrary, the "Revised International Chess Code" issued at the London 1883 tournament (one of the strongest in history)〔According to Chessmetrics, London 1883 was the (second strongest tournament ) played between 1840 and 1900, and included the world's seven best players at that time.〕 provided that the player who won by lot the right to move first had the choice of color.〔Rule 2 of the Code provided that, "Before the beginning of the first game the first move and choice of colour are determined by lot. The first move changes alternately in match play." J.I. Minchin, ''The Games played in the London International Chess Tournament 1883'', 1883 (reprinted 1973 by ''British Chess Magazine''), p. xiv.〕 In 1889 Wilhelm Steinitz, the first World Champion, wrote that "In all international and public Chess matches and tournaments ... it is the rule for the first player to have the white men".〔Wilhelm Steinitz, ''The Modern Chess Instructor'' (1889, reprinted 1990), Edition Olms AG, Zürich, p. xii. ISBN 3-283-00111-1.〕 Emanuel Lasker, the second World Champion, stated in ''Lasker's Manual of Chess'' (first published in 1927)〔David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, ''The Oxford Companion to Chess'' (2nd ed. 1992), Oxford University Press, p. 219. ISBN 0-19-866164-9.〕 that "White makes the first move".〔Emanuel Lasker, ''Lasker's Manual of Chess'', Dover, 1960, p. 12.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「White and Black in chess」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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